Child And Young Person Development

Child And Young Person Development Physical development is usually very rapid early on in the childs development. Within weeks of being born a baby will start to smile and respond to sounds and environments around them. By 6 months as their muscles begin to develop they will reach for and hold objects which they will also put into their mouths. By one year old they are beginning to crawl or shuffle, pulling or pushing on furniture to stand and then explore using furniture or adults for support. Sitting has progressed to unaided and they are rolling from their front to their back. They are beginning to be curious with objects, passing them between hands, handling them in different ways and looking for things that are hiding. Their hand to eye co-ordination improves as items are passed from hand to hand. Their first teeth may start to appear and solid foods may start to be introduced. Between one and two years walking will begin and toys will start to be pulled/pushed along whilst walking. Objects will be picked up and banged together or built to make a small tower. A preference for one hand may start to appear as they begin to hold crayons etc when mark making on paper. They enjoy trying to feed themselves both with finger foods and with a spoon, and will drink from a cup with both hands. Waving goodbye becomes fun, they will begin to point to what they want and shake their head to mean no. Between the ages of 2 and 3 mark making on paper will progress to scribbles as they begin to use pencils etc. Balls start to be kicked and thrown. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before, and they will start to experiment with liquids in play by pouring. At 3 years children begin to gain more independence. Their mobility and climbing skills will be advancing as they run, jump, catch, walk up and down stairs etc. Dexterity increases with small objects like puzzles, threading beads etc. Dressing and undressing will be assisted but more cooperative. At 4 years boys gross motor skills tend to be more developed when it comes to throwing and aiming, building, climbing, pedalling etc, whereas girls fine motor skills tend to be more developed with the use of scissors, holding a pencil to draw and colour threading small beads sewing stitches etc. At 5 years children will have more pencil control and will begin to copy letters and shapes, and draw people. Ball games will develop more structure as they begin to kick with aim. They will begin to learn to hop on one foot, then the other and also to skip. At 6 years dressing becomes independent at they learn to do buttons, laces etc. Writing becomes more fluent as copying letter shapes has progressed to words and sentences with greater pencil control. Confidence has increased when playing outside in climbing, jumping from heights and riding a bike. At 7 years children begin to enjoy playing team games as they are now hitting a ball, running, jumping, skipping, swinging. However until around the age of 9 they may misjudge their ability. The age between 12 and 19, between childhood and adulthood is referred to as adolescence. Physical development during this period is very different in each child. As some may be just beginning to mature physically, others may have already reached full physical maturity. Sequence is the order that development happens in. Rate is the speed that it happens for example: sequence = a babys physical development may begin with rolling over then sit up, crawl, walk, run. Another may sit up, walk, run missing out rolling over crawling. Even though elements are missed the development still proceeds in whats viewed as an expected pattern. rate = where one baby may achieve walking unaided at 10 months another may accomplish it at 12 months another at 16 months. This is important because sequence is needed in order to plan effectively for children, looking at rate of development is also essential to help us to know weather a childs rate of development is at the correct stage for their age group. Task 2 There is a range of external and personal factors that influence the development in children and young peoples lifes: Personal factors such as, health and disability. Health is determined by our genes , diet, environment and stress. Some children may be born with a condition that will automatically effect their lifes, such as a blood disorder. Disability can also effect a childs development, for example if a child has a hearing impairment they may not be able to learn properly in school unless they have help from an adult. External factors can also influence a childs development such as, poverty and diet. Poverty affects children and their families in many different ways. Families living in poverty may not be able to afford good food which leads to poor diet. Having a poor diet can affect a childs growth, behaviour and development. Current practice is influenced by theories of development, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cognitive (e.g. Piaget) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Psychoanalytic (e.g Freud) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Humanist (e.g. Maslow) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Learning (e.g.Bandura) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operant conditioning (e.g. Skinner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Behaviourist (e.g. Watson) Cognitive Vygotsky like piaget posited children learn from hand on experiences. However unlike piaget he claimed that timely and sensitive invention by adults when children are learning a new task (zone of proximal development) could help children to learn new tasks. Vygotsky also stressed the importance of social interaction he felt other children can guide each others development as well as adults. Vygotsky also thought that children needed to be active in their own learning and that play is important for holistic learning. Humanist Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs need to be met for a child to reach full potential take anything away from that and child might never reach their potential. This is taken into account daily with the child centred care and holistic approach to child care and well being. Practitioners need to look at the environmental factors such as warmth, food clothes as well as the psychological needs like promoting self esteem, and love. Behaviourist Bandura Showed that children learnt through copying and observing, this can be applied today as if an early years worker with demonstrates an activity the child can learn to do it through copying. Or if a child has a good role model then they are likely to copy the behaviour. But if they see bad behaviour then they will copy the bad behaviour. Behaviourist Skinner Skinners operant conditioning negative and positive reinforcement, this theory can be applied though stickers praise and reward for good behaviour and through disapproval, time out and ignoring unwanted behaviour. Psychoanalytical Freud Freuds work may not be proven but Freuds work with unconscious actions and peoples mind skills are still used like when a child tells a lie they smile or put their hand over their mouths as if to stop the lie. John Bowlby Worked on attachment theories which are used in the day to day practice in education and social care at all stages they are given key workers who they build strong attachments to this helps children make transitions in their lives and to be able to make lasting friendships. Frameworks support development including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social pedagogy Social pedagogy Is a practice concerned with human beings learning, well being and inclusion to society treating children in a child centred way and a holistic way making sure that every childs needs are met especially those who are in need. Task 3 There are many ways to monitor children and young peoples development, for example: Observation: Observations can be taken during lessons or in the playground. They record what the child is doing in a subjective way. Its most appropriate to use this method when childs development is causing concern. Assessment framework: It is the way in which child is assessed to decide whether they have any particular needs and what these needs may be. It is useful in deciding whether the child is reaching expected milestones of development in different areas. The assessment framework is how children are assessed in school, for example when a child reads; we write it in their reading records. Information from colleagues and carers: Parents/carers who know the child and colleagues expertise are invaluable, especially when planning for social and academic success for pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities. If we are concerned about childs development its good to ask/share information. Disability can affect several areas of development at the same time but early support might help minimise the effects of the disability. Emotional reasons, if a child is not settled and having good attachments they are more likely to have low confidence and self esteem they might not try new tasks and have a lack of motivation. Physical development might be effected by genetics this can mean physical growth difficulties or may be the child might be a slower learner. Environmental, there are many reasons that can effect child development like poverty, where a child lives, education and their family structure can effect a childs development. Culturally how people bring up their children can differ vastly like in china a girl is deemed second class to a boy. Other cultures have restrictions on childrens freedoms this can adversely affect the childs development. Social reasons are that for children born into poverty and families whose parents are separated are likely to have negative effects of childrens development or if a family might give less time to activities which aid childrens developments like a lack of play this can also effect child development. Learning difficulties children might have these due to genetic diseases, birth difficulties, and cognitive difficulties or might just have difficulties with writing or reading. Communication may be affected by medical reasons such as hearing impairment or being tongue tied. These can cause communication problems, children who have communication needs find it hard to express themselves and can show aggressive behaviour when frustrated. Children who experience communication needs might have problems with reading and writing. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the childs needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a childs development . A psychiatrist is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Task 4 All young Childrens brains are still developing as they grow. Early identification can change the impact of any difficulty if support is provided early enough. Finding ways for children to communicate is vital for their emotional well-being as some children who have language and communication difficulties can become isolated or may develop antisocial behaviours. once parents and carers have identified that a child needs additional support, a multi-agency approach may be used. If the parent/carer goes to see their health visitor or gp they will then help to make an appropriate referral, this may just be to help rule out hearing or visual impairments. In some cases the gp might refer the child directly to a speech and language service. Some children may need to be assessed by an educational psychologist. Once it is established what kind of support a child needs the right approach can then be carried out in order for parents and the setting to work together. Children learn their language and communication skills by being around adults and other children especially whilst they are having fun. When children are playing and doing activities that interest them they are usually used to help support their development, language and speech because theyre being motivated; for example singing a nursery rhyme with children this will encourage speech movements and will be more engaging for the child instead of just having to repeat the movements in isolation. Task 5 There are different types of transitions that can affect children and young people such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emotional personal experiences such as parents separating, bereavement, begining or leaveing a place of care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physical change in environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual moving from one educational establishment to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physiological puberty or medical conditions An example of a transition that could affect a child could be starting a before or afterschool club, this could affect a child because they may not know any other children at the setting and also may not know any of the staff, there for it could lead to the child being anxious and scared about meeting new people. A way to resolve this is to make sure the child is entering a friendly environment and be sure to introduce them to the other children and adults so that they feel more comfortable in the setting and also maybe ask another child to show them around and be their buddy to help them settle in. Also the child may be given a key person to help form a positive relationship with. The idea behind a key person is so that a child has that one person who they should feel they can go to and feel secure within their company. The key person should have a warm relationship with the child and be able to reassure them should they need to, also the key person will monitor the childs reactions in their new situation as this can provide a warning in some cases where this transition is not temporary.

Wild Fowl Trust

Trust stayed around for approximately 2 years, nested and bred in the trust's environment before flying off eventually with their fledged young. Many injured birds are brought to the trust. They have had some successes, working with vets with this particular expertise and with the wild life orphanage and rehabilitation centre. The success stories include a Masked/ Blue Booby, Ospreys, a Brown Pelican, a Gray Hawk, Gallinule, Jacana's, Song Birds, Psittacosis and different Owl species. Fun Facts: Scarlet Ibis birds are born brown in color but get their red color from rotten in crabs.They also eat shrimp and fish. You can tell the difference between a black billed tree duck by color of their beaks. Adults have bright orange beaks. Blue and Gold Macaws have one mate their entire lives and when that mate dies they don't find another. You can't tell the difference between male and female Blue and Gold Macaws unless you take blood samples from them and test it. In situ conservation is on s ite conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plants or animal species, such as forest genetic in natural populations of tree species.It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. The Wild Fowl Trust is an example of in situ conservation. One benefit of in situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another is that this strategy helps ensure the on-going processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. Wetlands play a vital role in the cycling of water on the planet.Water evaporated from the seas or transpired from plants returns as rainfall filling both upland and lowland wetlands. Wetland systems, and their forested counterparts, slowly release their waters either to the atmosphere or to the sea, playing a major role i n governing world climate. With the flow of water arrives a steady input of nutrients from the surrounding land – the organic silts and sediments settle and, warmed by the sun, provide ideal conditions for the growth of microscopic plants and animals – the base of aquatic food chains.Fact: A well established marsh is estimated to be up to 50 times more productive than grassland and about 8 times as productive as cultivated land. The Water Hyacinth (Chorine specious) – Pointed-a-Pierre Wildfowl Trust:This important plant is used as a food source at the Trust. Leaves, insects and crustaceans in the roots are eaten by waterfowl. A water purifier, this plant also absorbs large amounts of dangerous pollutants (including mercury and lead) from the water and helps keep any water area clean. Prolific, 10 plants can reproduce to cover an acre of water in 8 months.

Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Environmental policy refers to the commitment of an organization or a country to a set of laws or regulations that address environmental issues. The environment consists of the air and water as well as soil, which constitutes the land, the ecosystem, and wildlife. In formulating these policies, governments aim to conduct management of all waste, protection of natural resources and endangered wildlife. Environmental conservation also deals with the regulation put in place to maintain biodiversity as well as maintaining the ecosystem. Environmental policies should also address the problems arising from human impact on the natural environment. Environmental instruments are tools that assist the government in implementing their policies. Such instruments include tax exemptions on companies that are environmentally friendly. The government may also choose to offer economic incentives to the firm in the private sector that engage in waste management and disposal. They could also restrict or issue trading permits to companies that comply with the set environmental policy. Another instrument that the government is keen on employing is bilateral agreements between itself and private firms. This entails non-governmental voluntary organizations that engage in environmental conservation projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Governments also offer subsidies to green companies to increase their purchasing power. However, in the quest to develop the countryside, there have been concerns about the effects this is going to have on the environment. Human activities are a major concern when it comes to environmental degradation. For instance, agriculture is a key developmental activity that rural populations practice to gain income in rural areas. Agricultural activities include farming, irrigational farming fishing, and meat production. This section of the paper will look at the adverse effects agricultural activities have on our environment in general. Fishing is a source of livelihood for many living close to water bodies.

Annotated Bibliography Elderly Abuse - 1476 Words

McKie, David. (2007). Beaten down: Fear and violence in Canadas nursing homes. Retrieved May 1, 2009. The author of this article, David McKie a CBC crew member describes the situation of nursing homes in Canada. He talks about abuse from the staff and from the seniors. This article specifically refers to two examples in Canada of this abuse and it also states that about seventy percent of nursing homes are a dumping place for elderly who are â€Å"mentally unstable†. McKie states that it is difficult to know exactly what is going on in nursing homes because the staff are aware when a safety check is going to happen and can fix whatever is wrong before this time comes. The CBC crew is still attempting to get more information from nursing homes†¦show more content†¦It states the difficulties in the senior homes with little staff and the many complaints received. The complaints are said to be hard to distinguish between serious complaints or just small problems. An example was given like Nancy Hardman who stated that she is removing her mother from the nursing home becau se it is dangerous and unhealthy to live in. This will also help to give another example in order to prove the hypothesis. It is also a good source because it has specific examples of the effect from unsafe senior homes. Roe, Brenda. (2002, January 12). Protecting older people from abuse. Elderly care. 14. This scholarly journal looks at elderly abuse in general. It talks about different ways one can notice that the senior is being abused and what to do about the abuse. It also describes different reasons why the abusers abuse the elderly. It says how elderly abuse can be very difficult to notice and it is also difficult to help the seniors. The article then describes the difficulties that seniors have when they are abused. It talks a little about senior homes and how the elderly are treated by the nurses. It also gives some specific examples of abuse and the role of the government in this situation. This article is very opinionated and the author expresses her views on the topic very clearly. This is a good source to use for the final paper because it gives a lot of information about elderly abuseShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior1827 Words   |  8 Pagesround the streets, nude, then it is possible to say that the person is abnormal because he has refused to follow the norms of the society that demands that people must put on clothes. Similarly, if a child obeys the parents and shows respect to the elderly, the child may be considered normal. Meanwhile, the behaviorist model asserts that behavior is a consequence of an individual’s learning process; therefore, a person is capable of learning both normal and abnormal behavior. 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